Through assessment of expired fractional gas measures under controlled laboratory conditions, metabolic rate and relative contribution of energy substrates (notably fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates) can be estimated from stoichiometric equations or extrapolated from the respiratory quotient (RQ)/respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Estimates of metabolic responses under resting (fed/fasted) and exercise conditions are typically measured using indirect calorimetry, notably the use of Douglas bag expired air collection, through to ventilated hood or breath-to-breath analyzers. The importance of individualized dietary advice has been increasingly recognized, including day-to-day tailored recommendations before, during, and after training and/or competition. As part of this, metabolic responses to dietary intake can provide strategic advantages when planning and undertaking exercise programs. Nutritional intake is an essential component influencing exercise adherence and aerobic/anaerobic sports performance. Repeated measures ANOVA were employed for main analyses, with Bonferroni post-hoc assessment applied ( P ≤ 0.05). L%CO 2 and derived Lumen Index (L I) were recorded daily across morning (fasted and post-breakfast) and evening (pre/post meal, pre-bed) periods. In a separate phase, 27 recreationally active adults (age: 42 ± 2 yrs body mass: 71.9 ± 1.9 kg height: 1.72 ± 0.02 m) completed a 7-day low- (~20% of energy intake LOW) or high-carbohydrate diet (~60% of EI HIGH) in a randomized, cross-over design under free-living conditions. ![]() Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, with ordinary least squares regression used to assess the model between Lumen expired carbon dioxide percentage (L%CO 2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). kg −1) meal, along with capilliarized blood glucose assessment.Following institutional ethical approval, 12 healthy volunteers (age: 36 ± 4 yrs body mass: 72.1 ± 3.6 kg height: 1.71 ± 0.02 m) performed Lumen breath and Douglas bag expired air measures under fasted laboratory conditions and at 30 and 60 min after a high-carbohydrate (2 g
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